Smart Coercion Plugin

Automatically converts input values to match schema types without manually defining coercion logic.

WARNING

This plugin improves developer experience but impacts performance. For high-performance applications or complex schemas, manually defining coercion in your schema validation is more efficient.

Installation

npm

npm install @orpc/json-schema@latest

yarn

yarn add @orpc/json-schema@latest

pnpm

pnpm add @orpc/json-schema@latest

bun

bun add @orpc/json-schema@latest

deno

deno install npm:@orpc/json-schema@latest

Setup

Configure the plugin with JSON Schema Converters for your validation libraries.

import { OpenAPIHandler } from '@orpc/openapi/fetch'
import {
  experimental_SmartCoercionPlugin as SmartCoercionPlugin
} from '@orpc/json-schema'

const handler = new OpenAPIHandler(router, {
  plugins: [
    new SmartCoercionPlugin({
      schemaConverters: [
        new ZodToJsonSchemaConverter(),
        // Add other schema converters as needed
      ],
    })
  ]
})

How It Works

The plugin converts values safely using these rules:

1. Schema-guided: Only converts when the schema says what type to use
2. Safe only: Only converts values that make sense (like '123' to 123)
3. Keep original: If conversion is unsafe, keeps the original value
4. Smart unions: Picks the best conversion for union types
5. Deep conversion: Works inside nested objects and arrays

INFO

JavaScript native types such as BigInt, Date, RegExp, URL, Set, and Map are not natively supported by JSON Schema. To enable correct coercion, oRPC relies on the x-native-type metadata in your schema:

• x-native-type: 'bigint' for BigInt
• x-native-type: 'date' for Date
• x-native-type: 'regexp' for RegExp
• x-native-type: 'url' for URL
• x-native-type: 'set' for Set
• x-native-type: 'map' for Map

The built-in JSON Schema Converters handle these cases (except for some experimental converters). Since this approach is not part of the official JSON Schema specification, if you use a custom converter, you may need to add the appropriate x-native-type metadata to your schemas to ensure proper coercion.

Conversion Rules

String → Boolean

Support specific string values (case-insensitive):

• 'true', 'on' → true
• 'false', 'off' → false

INFO

HTML <input type="checkbox"> elements submit 'on' or 'off' as values, so this conversion is especially useful for handling checkbox input in forms.

String → Number

Support valid numeric strings:

• '123' → 123
• '3.14' → 3.14

String/Number → BigInt

Support valid numeric strings or numbers:

• '12345678901234567890' → 12345678901234567890n
• 12345678901234567890 → 12345678901234567890n

String → Date

Support ISO date/datetime strings:

• '2023-10-01' → new Date('2023-10-01')
• '2020-01-01T06:15' → new Date('2020-01-01T06:15')
• '2020-01-01T06:15Z' → new Date('2020-01-01T06:15Z')
• '2020-01-01T06:15:00Z' → new Date('2020-01-01T06:15:00Z')
• '2020-01-01T06:15:00.123Z' → new Date('2020-01-01T06:15:00.123Z')

String → RegExp

Support valid regular expression strings:

• '/^\\d+$/i' → new RegExp('^\\d+$', 'i')
• '/abc/' → new RegExp('abc')

String → URL

Support valid URL strings:

• 'https://example.com' → new URL('https://example.com')

Array → Set

Support arrays of unique values:

• ['apple', 'banana'] → new Set(['apple', 'banana'])

Array → Object

Converts arrays to objects with numeric keys:

• ['apple', 'banana'] → { 0: 'apple', 1: 'banana' }

INFO

This is particularly useful for Bracket Notation when you need objects with numeric keys.

Array → Map

Support arrays of key-value pairs:

• [['key1', 'value1'], ['key2', 'value2']] → new Map([['key1', 'value1'], ['key2', 'value2']])